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1.
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology ; (12): 743-750, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-985556

ABSTRACT

Objective: To analyze the incidence trend and epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China from 2004 to 2020, understand the high-incidence population and hotspot areas, and provide evidences to develop more targeted prevention and control measures. Methods: The descriptive epidemiological method and spatial analysis method were applied to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China during this period by using the surveillance data collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: A total of 202 991 cases of typhoid fever were reported in China from 2004 to 2020. More cases occurred in men than in women (sex ratio: 1.18∶1). Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (53.60%). The incidence rate of typhoid fever decreased from 2.54/100 000 in 2004 to 0.38/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate was reported in young children aged <3 years after 2011, ranging from 1.13/100 000 to 2.78/100 000, and during this period the proportion of cases in this age group increased from 3.48% to 15.59%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 6.46% in 2004 to 19.34% in 2020. The hotspot areas existed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces and expanded to Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian Provinces. A total of 86 226 paratyphoid fever cases were reported from 2004 to 2020, the male to female ratio of the cases was 1.21∶1. Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (59.80%). The incidence rate of paratyphoid fever decreased from 1.26/100 000 in 2004 to 0.12/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate of paratyphoid fever was in young children aged <3 years after 2007, ranging from 0.57/100 000 to 1.19/100 000, and during this period the proportion of the cases in this age group increased from 1.48% to 30.92%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 4.52% in 2004 to 22.28% in 2020. The hotspot areas expanded to the east, including Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi Provinces. Conclusions: The results showed a low level of incidence of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China with a trend of decreasing per year. The hotspots were mainly in the of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces, with an expanding trend to eastern China. It is necessary to strengthen the typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever prevention and control in southwestern China, among young children aged <3 years and the elderly aged ≥60 years.


Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Middle Aged , China/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Sex Ratio , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology
2.
Vaccimonitor (La Habana, Print) ; 27(3)set.-dic. 2018. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1094610

ABSTRACT

Salmonella Paratyphi A es un patógeno exclusivo de humanos, siendo la segunda causa más común de fiebre entérica en el sudeste asiático. Recientemente la incidencia en este continente ha aumentado, desplazando a Salmonella entérica serotipo Typhi como la primera causa de fiebre entérica. En la actualidad no existen vacunas licenciadas contra S. Paratyphi A. El Instituto Finlay de Vacunas se encuentra trabajando en la obtención de un candidato vacunal basado en vesículas de membrana externa (VME) contra S. Paratyphi A, por lo que se hizo necesario contar con una técnica para la evaluación de su inmunogenicidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue la estandarización de un ELISA para la cuantificación de anticuerpos IgG contra VME de S. Paratyphi A. Para ello, se determinaron las mejores condiciones de este ensayo en cuanto a concentración óptima de recubrimiento y dilución de trabajo del conjugado. Además, se definió el intervalo y linealidad de la curva, la precisión intra e interensayo, la especificidad y el límite de detección. La curva de calibración se generó con un suero estándar interno y presentó un buen ajuste lineal con un R² =0.98. Los coeficientes de variación en los ensayos de precisión intra e interensayo estuvieron en los intervalos establecidos para cada uno (=10 por ciento, =20 por ciento respectivamente). Los resultados obtenidos avalan el empleo de este ELISA cuantitativo para la evaluación de la inmunogenicidad de formulaciones de VME de S. Paratyphi A en fases de investigación y desarrollo(AU)


Salmonella Paratyphi A, is an exclusive pathogen of humans, being the second most common cause of enteric fever in Southeast Asia. Recently the incidence of this disease in this continent has increased, displacing Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi as the first cause of enteric fever. Currently there are no vaccines licensed against S. Paratyphi A. The Finlay Institute of Vaccines is working on obtaining a vaccine candidate based on outer membrane vesicles (VME) against S. Paratyphi A, so it became necessary to develop a technique for the evaluation of its immunogenicity. The objective of this work was the standardization of an ELISA for the quantification of IgG antibodies against VME of S. Paratyphi A. The best conditions of this assay were determined in terms of optimum concentration of coating and working dilution of the conjugate. In addition, the interval and linearity of the curve, the intra- and inter-assay precision, the specificity and the limit of detection were defined. The calibration curve was generated with an internal standard serum and presented a good linear fit with an R² =0.98. The coefficients of variation in the intra- and interassay precision tests were in the intervals established for each one (=10 percent, =20 percent respectively). The results obtained support the use of this quantitative ELISA for the evaluation of the immunogenicity of VME formulations of S. Paratyphi A in research and development phases(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Salmonella paratyphi A/pathogenicity , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Salmonella paratyphi A , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
11.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-135671

ABSTRACT

Background & objectives: Almost round-the-year occurrence of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A has been noticed in Rourkela since last 13 and five years respectively. The incidence of infection along with the antibiogram of these two serotypes in this area were carried out. Methods: The study was carried out at Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, India, between January 2005 and December 2008 with 5340 blood samples collected from patients with suspected enteric fever and pyrexia of unknown origin. Isolation, identification and antibiogram of the causative organisms were performed according to standard bacteriological procedures. Results: A total of 298 Salmonella isolates showed an overall per cent positivity of 5.58. Multidrug resistance was found in 11.96 per cent and 15.62 per cent isolates of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A respectively. Less than 2 per cent isolates of Salmonella showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. A resistance of 3.0 to 6.25 per cent against third generation cephalosporins was observed among the salmonella isolates. Interpretation & conclusion: A round-the-year occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Rourkela might have been due to the presence of a considerable number of carriers in the locality, poor sanitation in nearby slum areas, and inadequate and contaminated community water supply at times. Higher degree of susceptibility among S. Typhi isolates against various antibiotics was encouraging, but increasing trend of resistance observed among S. Paratyphi A isolates was a matter of concern.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Community-Acquired Infections , Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects , Fever/drug therapy , Fever/epidemiology , Fever/microbiology , Humans , Incidence , India/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Salmonella paratyphi A/metabolism , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhi/metabolism , Sanitation , Typhoid Fever/drug therapy , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/microbiology , Water Pollutants
13.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2007 Dec; 74(12): 1081-3
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-82277

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To determine the baseline Widal titres in apparently healthy children in Davangere. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was done on 250 children. Widal titers were found using tube agglutination test. RESULTS: Out of 250,64.2% had a titre of less than 1:20,22.4% had a titre equal to 1:20,9.6% had a titre of 1:40 and 3.6% had a titre of 1:80 to 'O' antigen and 67.2% had a titre of less than 1:20, 21.2% had a titre equal to 1:20, 8% had a titre of 1:40 and 3.6% had a titre of 1:80 to 'H' antigen of S. enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhi. No children in age group 6 months-2 years had a titre of 1:80 to either antigen. All children in this age group had a titre of less than 1:20 to AH antigen and older children had a titre upto 1:40 dilution. CONCLUSION: Baseline titres for either S. enterica subsp. enterica ser. Typhi antigen in 6 month-2 year was 1:40 and older children was 1:80. Baseline titres for H antigen of S. enterica subsp. enterica ser. Paratyphi A in 6 month-2 year was less than 1:20 and for older children was 1:40 dilution.


Subject(s)
Age Factors , Agglutination , Agglutination Tests , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Endemic Diseases , Female , Humans , Incidence , India/epidemiology , Infant , Male , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Reference Values , Risk Factors , Salmonella paratyphi A/immunology , Salmonella typhi/immunology , Severity of Illness Index , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology
15.
Vigía (Santiago) ; 10(24): 22-23, 2007. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, MINSALCHILE | ID: lil-569841

ABSTRACT

En Chile, la fiebre tifoidea y paratifoidea se manifiesta en forma de endemia baja. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer los resultados obtenidos durante el año 2006, mediante un estudio descriptivo de las bases de datos de las enfermedades de notificación obligatoria (ENO), que se analizan mediante el programa estadístico epi-2000. En el año 2006 se notificaron 360 casos, con una tasa de 2,2 por cien mil hab., cifra bajo lo observado en el año 2005 (477 casos), mostrando una tendencia al descenso. El grupo de edad más afectado, 5 y 19 años. La Región del Bío-Bío una tasa de 6,0 por cien mil hab. En el análisis de las bases de datos de egreso hospitalarios y de defunciones igualmente observamos la tendencia al descenso. En síntesis, probablemente estos resultados estén asociados a los logros en saneamiento básico experimentados por nuestro país, dado que el mecanismo de transmisión de esta enfermedad involucra principalmente al ciclo largo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Mandatory Reporting , Chile , Basic Sanitation
16.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-45972

ABSTRACT

Enteric fever is prevalent in developing countries including Nepal, where it still remains as a major health problem. Appropriate antibiotics are essential for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. A prospective study was carried out to characterize the epidemiological features of enteric fever in Kathmandu, Nepal and to analyse the recent trend of antimicrobial resistance pattern of the Salmonella isolated from the cases of enteric fever from different hospitals in Kathmandu during June, 2002 to June, 2004. A total of 1469 Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi 'A' isolates collected during this period from five different hospital laboratories situated in Kathmandu were studied. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates towards Ampicillin (10 mcg), Chloramphenicol (30 mcg), Cotrimoxazole (25 mcg), Ciprofloxacin (5 mcg) and Ceftriaxone (5 mcg) were determined by standard disc diffusion technique and Agar dilution technique were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol and Ceftriaxone. All the isolates tested were found to be sensitive to Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin, the most commonly used antibiotic for treatment of enteric fever in Nepal. Of the total isolates studied, 15.5% from 2002, 8% from 2003 and 3.45% from 2004 were found to be multidrug resistant (exhibiting resistance towards Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole). Of the total multi drug resistant Salmonella isolates, 92% were Salmonella typhi. All the multidrug resistant isolates were also further tested for susceptibilities towards Tetracycline (30 mcg), Nalidixic acid (30 mcg), Streptomycin (10 units), Gentamycin (25 mcg), Azithromycin (15 mcg), Kanamycin (30 mcg), Neomycin (30 mcg). 50% of the multi drug resistant Salmonella typhi were also resistant to Tetracycline. Plasmid analysis revealed that all of the multidrug resistant Salmonella typhi isolates with Tetracycline resistance harbored a large molecular weight (147 Kb) plasmid.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Child , Child, Preschool , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Nepal/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Salmonella paratyphi A , Salmonella typhi , Sex Distribution , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology
17.
Vigía (Santiago) ; 8(22): 37-38, 2005. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, MINSALCHILE | ID: lil-569831

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de Fiebre Tifoidea y Paratifoidea ha tenido una tendencia al descenso desde el año 1984. Actualmente su presentación es en forma de endemia baja. Durante 2004, se notificaron 537 casos de Fiebre Tifoidea y Paratifoidea, 28 por ciento menos de lo esperado según la mediana del quinquenio precedente y 7 por ciento inferior al año 2003. La tasa de incidencia anual a nivel nacional fue de 3,4 casos por cien mil hab. En enero y febrero, se presentaron semanalmente más casos que en 2003, situación que se revirtió durante marzo. Se mantiene el comportamiento estacional de la enfermedad, con mayores tasas de incidencia semanal durante los meses cálidos (noviembre a marzo). El 87 por ciento de los casos corresponde a Fiebre Tifoidea y el 13 por ciento restante a Paratifoidea. Según grupos de edad, las mayores tasas se encuentran entre los 5 y 29 años, siendo la máxima la observada en el grupo de 10 a 14 años (6,1 por cien mil). La tasa en hombres es un 10 por ciento superior a la de las mujeres. Sólo el 16 por ciento de los casos se notifica ajustándose a la normativa vigente, es decir, con confirmación clínica y por cultivo, mientras que el 12 por ciento fue confirmado sólo por serología, técnica no recomendada para la confirmación, por su sensibilidad y especificidad limitada y variable.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Mandatory Reporting , Epidemiological Monitoring , Chile
18.
Vigía (Santiago) ; 9(23): 27-28, 2005. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS, MINSALCHILE | ID: lil-571308

ABSTRACT

La incidencia de Fiebre Tifoidea y Paratifoidea desde el año 1985 ha tenido una tendencia al descenso, abrupta inicialmente, con una pequeña alza en el año 1989, para luego continuar descendiendo lenta, pero sostenidamente. Durante el año 2005 persistió esta tendencia, notificándose un total de 477 casos, cifra bajo lo observado en el año 2004 (497 casos); con una tasa de incidencia acumulada de 3 por 100.000 hab. Desde el año 2002 se observa un aplanamiento de la estacionalidad de la enfermedad, con máximos más suaves que en años anteriores en verano y primavera, lo que fue más evidente durante 2003. Esto fue el reflejo de la evolución de su presentación hacia una endemia baja. La mortalidad específica por esta causa ha tenido similar comportamiento, llegando a una tasa de 0,03 por 100.000 hab., en el año 2001 (4 muertes); siendo este el año que alcanzó el mayor número de defunciones. Sin embargo, ya en el 2004, no se reporta ninguna defunción por esta causa. En el año 2005, el número de casos notificados semanalmente, por lo general, se mantuvo similar al del año pasado y sin superar a la mediana del quinquenio. El 85 por ciento de los casos correspondió a Fiebre Tifoidea (Código CIE 10:A01.0) y el 15 por ciento restante a Fiebres Paratifoideas (Código CIE 10: A01.1-A01.4). Si bien se afectaron todos los grupos de edad, los mayores riesgos se encuentran entre los 5 y 19 años, similar en ambos sexos con tasas de 4 y 5 por 100.000 hab. Destaca el grupo de 20 a 29 años donde los hombres duplican la incidencia de las mujeres.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Mandatory Reporting , Epidemiological Monitoring , Chile
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